The pros and cons of the EC are tabulated in Table 1ĮC is an efficient technique since adsorption of hydroxide on mineral surfaces are a 100 times greater on ‘in situ’ rather than on preprecipitated hydroxides when metal hydroxides are used as coagulant. The metal hydroxides act as coagulants and lead to the removal of various contaminants. In this method, soluble metal electrodes (such as iron and aluminium mostly) form metal hydroxides when subjected to a suitable current. This technique uses a direct current (DC) source between metal electrodes immersed in polluted water. EC process can effectively destabilize small colloidal particles and generates lower quantity of sludge compared to other processes. This will minimize the sludge generation to a great extent and eventually eliminate some of the harmful chemicals used as coagulants in the conventional effluent treatment methods. EC is declared an environment-friendly technique since the ‘electron’ is the main reagent and does not require addition of the reagents/chemicals. Among these processes, electrocoagulation (EC) has gained many interest due to providing simple, reliable and cost effective operation for the treatment of wastewaters without and need for additional chemicals, and thus the secondary pollution. All rights reserved.Electrochemical methods and processes have been applied for many years in environmental applications such as water/wastewater treatment, recovery of metals, electroplating and qualitative/quantitative analysis in various aqueous media. Finally, and with a perspective towards practical implementation, several operational strategies are proposed, including processes combining up-concentration followed by EO destruction.Īdsorption EO Kinetic rates Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances Pre-treatment Radicals.Ĭopyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. Furthermore, the majority of experimental results to date indicate that short-chain PFASs are the most challenging and need to be prioritized as environmental regulations become more stringent. Additionally, there is currently a lack of quantification of sorption losses, resulting in a likely over-estimation of process' efficiencies. The evaluation shows the need to use environmentally-relevant media to properly quantify the effectiveness/efficiency of EO for PFASs treatment. This review examines the state of the art of EO for PFASs destruction, and comprehensively compares operating parameters and treatment performance indicators for both synthetic and real contaminated water and wastewater media. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is emerging as one of the most promising methods for the degradation of recalcitrant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water and wastewater, as these compounds cannot be effectively treated with conventional bio- or chemical approaches.
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